In May 2024, former European Parliament President Pat Cox described
enlargement as perhaps the 'EU's most powerful, transformative and
successful policy tool over the past five decades'.
The European Council
(EU heads of state or government) has, from the outset, played a
central role in the EU's enlargement process, shaping both formal and
informal aspects.
The Lisbon Treaty formally tasked the institution with
defining the eligibility conditions to be applied to the accession
process.
Each enlargement round has provided the Member States and EU
institutions with the opportunity to reflect on the conditions of entry
and on the impact on the functioning of the EU institutions.
This has
resulted in the more refined enlargement policy we have today, with the
Copenhagen criteria set by the European Council in 1993 as core
principles and, on that basis, a fine-tuned methodology for
negotiations, adopted in 2020.
This briefing will consider some of the
challenges facing EU enlargement, look at the European Council's current
role in the process and demonstrate the historical evolution of the
European Council's involvement in enlargement. (...)
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